Comenzi utile in Linux - Ubuntu/Kubuntu & Co

Usability settings:

move window-bar action buttons from left (Ubuntu 10.10/Mac) to right:

gconftool-2 --type string --set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout "menu:minimize,maximize,close"

remove confirmation for logout: System Settings -> Advanced -> Session Manager -> Confirm Logout
remove screen-lock after screensaver: Control Center -> Screensaver -> Lock screen when screensaver is active (uncheck)

Processes management:

move a process to background (suspend):
```
CTRL-z
```
list background/suspended processes:
```
jobs
```
bring process to foreground:
```
fg 1
```

Computer info:

Inventory:

# lists your hardware
```
$ sudo lshw
```
# lists all hard disk
```
$ sudo lshw -C disk
```
# xports an html page with hardware details
```
$ sudo lshw -html > your-file-name.html
```

Sensors monitoring:

  sudo apt-get install lm-sensors sensors-applet

```
  sudo sensors-detect
```

To see if your running kernel is 32-bit or 64-bit, just issue the following command:

```
  $ uname -m
```

How to find out the Ubuntu / Kubuntu version:

Debian:
```
 cat /etc/debian_version
```
Ubuntu / Kubuntu:
- ```
  cat /etc/issue
```
- ```
  lsb-release -a
```

Change default browser:

   update-alternatives --config x-www-browser

Display (only) symbolic links with details

   sudo find / -type l -print | xargs ls -lh

Display files/folder space usage

GUI:
`FileLight, Disk Space Analyzer or gdmap` (Gnome)
KDiskFree or [KDirStat](http://kdirstat.sourceforge.net/ "KDirStat") (KDE)
CLI:
ncdu - interactive tool
df -h
du -bsh {FOLDER_NAME}
du —max-depth=1 * | sort -n
Find the top 10 biggest files: find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 du -s | sort -n | tail -10 | cut -f2 | xargs -I{} du -sh {}

Manage iso images and CD/DVD’s:

Create ISO imags from CD/DVD:

$ dd if=/dev/dvd of=dvd.iso # for dvd $ dd if=/dev/cdrom of=cd.iso # for cdrom $ dd if=/dev/scd0 of=cd.iso # if cdrom is scsi These commands are useful for data CD/DVD images. For Audio CD’s there’s another (longer) story. (A simpler way would be to use specialized apps like: K3b, Acetoneiso, Brasero)

Create ISO image from folders:

$ mkisofs -v -o /tmp/user-folder.iso -R /home/user/user-folder

Write ISO images to CD/DVD:

Find out your CDR/W SCSI address/device name: $ cdrecord -scanbus
Write ISO image: $ cdrecord -v -dao dev=1,0,0 speed=8 file.iso (Where, -speed=XX : Specify writing speed, -v : Verbose output, -dev : The virtual SCSI ID of the writing device [discovered with the earlier command])

Mount / Umount / Format

   sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/USB -t vfat

```
   sudo umount /dev/sdb1 
```
```
   sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdb1 
```
```
   sudo eject /dev/sdb1 
```

Install software packages:

Subiectul este destul de bine detaliat aici. Pe scurt:

.tar.gz / .tar.bz2:

extract sources:

```
   tar xzvf tarballname.tar.gz 
```
```
   tar xjvf tarballname.tar.bz2 
```

configure:
- ```
   cd tarballname 
```
- ```
   ./configure 
```
compile sources:
- ```
   make 
```
- ```
   sudo checkinstall 
```

.deb:
- graphic mode: double-click the file
- console:
```
 sudo dpkg -i file.deb 
```

.rpm:

conversion in .deb:
```
 sudo alien -k file.rpm 
```
install:
```
 sudo dpkg -i file.deb 
```

Calculate md5 checksums:

for a string:

echo -n "aaaaaa" | md5sum
for a file:

md5sum file

For Loop in Bash:

The simple bash loop to do something with all files in the directory is:

for f in * ; do echo $f ; done

which just displays all files in this case.

This is easy, what I usually need and often forget how to do it is to execute some action exact number of times. Something like simple for loop in C or Java. And there is an exact match for such loop in Bash too:

for (( i=1 ; i

I found another similar solution on the Internet today at spiralbound.net:

for i in $(seq 1 100); do echo $i ; done

Renamefiles:

UPPERCASE → lowercase

rename ‘y/A-Z/a-z/’ *

Empty existing files / Create new (temporary) files:

echo "" > file
cp /dev/null file
dd if=/dev/zero of=output.file bs=1 count=1
cat /dev/null > your_file
>filename
touch /tmp/newfilename
command: mktemp which outputs something like: /tmp/tmp.yTfJX35144 script example:

#!/bin/bash OUT=$(mktemp /tmp/output.XXXXXXXXXX) || { echo "Failed to create temp file"; exit 1; } echo "Today is $(date)" >> $OUT

Source: here and here.

Switch from openjdk to sunjdk

OpenJDK is included in a number or popular Linux distributions. The procedure below explains how to switch to Oracle (Sun) JDK 1.6 in Ubuntu.

Enable the Canonical Partner Software through the following steps:

Go to Ubuntu Software Center. Click Edit. Click Software Sources. Switch to the Other Software tab and check Canonical Partners. This may take some time.
In the Commandprompt, type the following sequence of commands:
```
sudo apt-get update
```